Become A Foster Parent For Dogs In Illinois

Being a foster parent can make a big difference in a dog's life.

Not all dog lovers can commit to owning a pet. For them, becoming a foster parent is a rewarding compromise, and a way to enjoy a pet's company until they are permanently placed. Dog foster parents in Illinois are typically expected to give two to three months of care before the canine is placed with a family. Helping a dog transition from an abusive or homeless environment into a warm home is an important task, and can be rewarding for both man and his best friend.

Instructions

Preparation

1. Get a letter of recommendation from a veterinarian.

2. Get a letter of recommendation from two other individuals, such as a friend or family member who owns a pet, or an animal volunteer organization.

3. Research animal shelters nearby using Google Maps. Some facilities will only accept foster parents who live within 60 miles of their facility. Options include PAWS Chicago, Foster Pet Outreach in Peoria, IL and Adopt a Pet in Mount Prospect, IL.

4. Contact the organization for the specific application. Applications will vary and may require a combination of personal and preference data, such as what breeds would be appropriate for the environment.

5. Submit the application and inquire about your submission to increase the chances of selection.

Application Process

6. Visit the foster facility.

7. Ask questions and share experiences working with other animals.

8. Share pictures of the home or apartment. Invite the coordinator to visit the home to ensure it is a safe environment.

9. Call regularly to ensure the facility considers the application.

10. Make the living space a welcome environment for a pet before they arrive, including having a leash, collar, appropriate dog food and supplies on hand.

Tags: foster parents, letter recommendation, letter recommendation from, recommendation from

White Tiger Games To Play

White Tiger Games to Play

Zoos and entertainment outlets treat the white tiger as an exotic creature, but unless you're a professional and skilled trainer, you probably do not want to have any up-close-and-personal interaction with the dangerous animal. Rather, play safely by engaging in tame games that feature these "snow white" tigers, as well as other games that have adapted the "white tiger" name.

Girl with White Tiger

You usually do not connect tigers with dress-up games, but you can visit the Girlgames0.com website and dress the "Girl with White Tiger." While the game focuses on a girl you dress in various outfits, white tigers tigers sit nearby: one directly behind the girl and one in the backdrop.

Choose a category from across the top of the screen. Use your mouse to click on dresses, tops, skirts, pants, hairstyles, shoes, boots and accessories such as sunglasses and purses. Left-click on the item you want and drag it to the girl; it "magically" will appear on her. When you're finished, click "Done;" the game will refresh if you want to play again.

Memory Match Games

If you have played memory card games--in which you spread out cards, face down, and then flip them over to find their matches--test your memory at the ZooFun4u website and match various white tiger images. You can play a four-pair match game or the more advanced 10-pair match game.

To start a game, move your mouse and click "New." The game timer begins instantly. Click on a square, which reveals a white tiger image, then click another to try to find its exact match. If you do not find the matching white tiger, the squares turn back over and you must try again.

Make your selections as quickly as possible, so you finish with an impressive time. If you do not want to finish the game you started, click "New," or click "Show" to display each square's location.

For other white tiger games, such as jigsaw puzzles and tic-tac-toe, visit the ZooFun4u website, where you also can buy a CD-ROM of all the games featured on the site. See Resources for an alternative purchasing option.

Other White Tiger Games

Perhaps you prefer to play a white tiger game that has nothing to do with animals. If you enjoy the "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers," put together a "White Tiger Power Ranger" jigsaw puzzle at the Free Gaming.de website. Choose from among four difficulty levels, ranging from 16 pieces for "easy" (with no time clock) to 100 pieces for "expert" (with a running time clock). Left-click on the puzzle pieces to move them around the board and shape your puzzle.

If you like shooter games, play "White Tiger" at the SilverArcade.com website. Choose from among five difficulty levels and use the arrow keys to move your shooter. Press "S" to fire single shots, for which you use no energy. If you want to do a lot of damage to your enemy goons and use a medium amount of energy, press "A" to fire a laser. To spray bullets over a vast area, press "X"; however, you use up a high amount of energy by choosing this fire power. To protect yourself from the ramifications of an attack, press "Z"; this selection uses a medium amount of energy. Watch your energy and health levels closely. You will regain any energy and health that you lose, albeit at a slow pace. Once your health level drops to empty (which you will know when all of the green disappears from your power bar), the game ends.

Tags: amount energy, Tiger Games, Choose from, Choose from among, difficulty levels, energy health, from among

Pet Dragon Games

A dragon is a legendary beast resembling a large flying lizard.

According to a study conducted by Dr. Shaun Lawson, director of the Lincoln Social Computing Research Center (LiSC) and Thomas Chesney of the Nottingham University Business School, unanswered questions surround a player's motivations for playing virtual pet games in spite of their commercial success. A number of animals are featured in these virtual pet games, including dogs, cats, fish and even mythical creatures such as dragons.

Dragon Cave

Dragon Cave is a free online game and community where players become trainers who adopt dragons and care for them. The dragons in this game are graphics consisting of sprites which are small pixilated images that grow on a player's scroll. A scroll is the list of a player's game statistics and pet dragons. Different dragon breeds can be collected, though some are discontinued or secret, which makes it challenging to complete a specific set.

Adopted dragon hatchlings grow based on the ratio of unique views, views, clicks and time. Views are obtained each time the image of a pet dragon is viewed, even if one person views the image multiple times. On the other hand, unique views are accumulated similarly, with the exception that one unique view is tallied per person, per egg. A click is awarded when dragon eggs are clicked on and when people view the page containing a dragon's information.

Dragonadopters

Dragonadopters is another free online web site community and game. In this game, players receive a dragon egg and a personal web page, also called a "dragonpage", with the possibility of being awarded more dragon eggs to care for when players raise the first. Dragon species include the Felidragon, Dino, Lizardus, Dark Dragon, Wyvern, Eastern dragon, Furdragon, Western dragon and Pterodragon. Each dragon species is assigned at least one element, such as water or fire, when it hatches.

Dragon levels start at one, the Egg level, and ends with 110, the Ancient Dragon level. Pet dragons are kept happy by visiting them and encouraging other players to visit them. They should also be fed by accessing the dragonpage. Unique visits makes a dragon grow faster.

Pet Dragons

Pet Dragons is a free Facebook application. In this game, players take care of a newly hatched dragon and raise it to become a top fighter, gold collector and hunter. Players use their dragon to battle against other players' dragons, whether friends with them on Facebook or not. A player can ask for help from friends in the event that his dragon is attacked. Gold collected by a player's dragon is used for buying shop items that increases a dragon's attack time, defense and offense.

Tags: this game, Dragon Cave, dragon eggs, free online, game players

Pet Turtles For Children

Pet turtles can be great for children as long as an adult supervises.

A pet turtle can be a great learning experience in responsibility and pet care. It can also provide an insight into the reptilian world. Smaller turtles such as box, mud, slider and painted turtles are a perfect house pet. These slow moving creatures need a lot of love, care and respect so make sure an adult is always around to supervise.

Box Turtle

Box turtles don't require too much water, but just enough to keep a good moisture consistency.

Box turtles are omnivorous land dwelling reptiles that like to live in mossy environments. This type of turtle is known to hibernate in the winter, and it will behave a bit more slowly as the days grow colder. Set up a makeshift cave in the turtle's cage, pen or glass tank with dirt so it can burrow inside it. Do not keep the turtle in a dry crate because it requires moisture; do not put in too much moisture as it may turn to ice and lethally hurt the turtle.

Red Eared Slider Turtle

The red eared slider is named after its unique physical red mark beside the turtle's eye.

The red eared slider is the most common pet turtle in North America. It's also the same species that received a bad rap back in the 1970s when children contracted salmonella poisoning from them, but that was because those children had put the turtles in their mouth, which is not at all safe or healthy. These reptiles can grow up to 11 inches in length so make sure they're contained in a big tank to anticipate their size. The tank must also have a space for swimming, rest and have small rocks lining the bottom for the turtle to dig, which is something it really enjoys doing.

Mud Turtle

Mud turtles got their name from being found in their favorite habitat: mud.

Another popular pet is the mud turtle, which enjoys a sanctuary that is sandy, damp and even muddy. This reptile remains small and doesn't usually grow beyond five inches in length. As an omnivorous creature, this turtle likes to snack on small fish, tadpoles and insects. Mud turtles can live up to 50 years of age.

Painted Turtle

Painted turtles can grow up to 10 inches in length.

Painted turtles like to swim, but they also need an area in their tank for rest. As an omnivorous pet, they'll enjoy eating chicken meat, lettuce and special food sticks. Sometimes the painted turtle will sleep in the water, or on an object such as a rock or log that is half submerged underwater. This type of turtle also enjoys basking in the sun.

Tags: inches length, eared slider, grow inches, grow inches length, make sure, Painted turtles, This type

Are Veterinary Expenses Tax Deductible

You may be able to deduct expenses for qualified pets.

The price of a trip to the veterinarian can be a shock; while office visits are usually less than a hundred dollars, an emergency trip for a car accident or poisoning can easily stretch into thousands of dollars. The Internal Revenue Service allows you to deduct veterinary expenses under limited circumstances.

Health Care for Your Pet

Whether you've taking Fido or Fluffy to the veterinarian's office for an annual checkup, you know how staggering the costs can be. Drugs, IVs, surgical equipment and staff all add up to the costs of health care for your pet. Veterinarians spend as much time in school as their medical doctor counterparts, and yet, while health insurance is widespread, veterinary insurance is usually limited in scope and pays out only a fraction of the true treatment cost.

Covered Domestic Animals

The Internal Revenue Service does not allow you to take deductions for veterinary expenses if the services were performed for a pet. However, certain service animals' expenses may qualify for the deduction. If you have a physical disability and are assisted by a service animal, that animal's veterinary expenses can be deducted on your tax return. Eligible service dogs include seeing eye dogs, hearing dogs and dogs that assist with any other physical disability.

Eligible Deductions

Veterinary expenses and fees for qualified animals can be deducted, including vaccinations, medicines, office visits and emergency treatment. Another allowed deduction is money you paid to buy, train or maintain a qualified service animal. For example, if you had to purchase your dog, that is a deductible expense. Food is also a qualified expense; it's considered maintenance for your animal, so make sure you keep all of your food bills for the year.

Restrictions

Some restrictions apply as to what you can deduct on your taxes. Even if you are claiming qualified expenses for a service animal, you cannot deduct those expenses if you have already been reimbursed by an organization. For example, as of January 2011, if any costs were reimbursed to you through the Guide Dogs for the Blind Veterinary Financial Assistance Program or your state supplemented dog food program, you cannot deduct those expenses. In addition, because you declare the veterinary costs under medical expenses, you can only claim the deduction if your total medical costs exceed 7.5 percent of your adjusted gross income.

Tags: service animal, cannot deduct, cannot deduct those, deduct those, deduct those expenses

Difference Between Teacup & Toy Chihuahuas

While all Chihuahuas are small, teacup varieties can fit in the palm of your hand.

While the American Kennel Club (AKC) and Chihuahua Club of America do not distinguish between toy and teacup Chihuahuas, many breeders do. For this reason, it's important for you as a prospective Chihuahua puppy buyer to know the differences between the two titles as well as the general traits for all Chihuahuas so that you can make sure you are purchasing a dog with a temperament that is suited for your lifestyle and personality.

History

The AKC believes that Chihuahuas originate from the fennec fox, a small animal with big eyes and large ears. In the past, Chihuahuas were used in religious ceremonies and as pets for the upper class. Markings made before 1530 in Chichen Itza ruins on the Yucatan Peninsula depict dogs which look like Chihuahuas. Chihuahuas got their name from the Mexican state of Chihuahua, where the earliest examples of the dog were found.

Classification

The American Kennel Club (AKC) recognized the Chihuahua as a breed within its toy group classification in 1904. To fit within the classification, the dog must not weigh more than six pounds. All chihuahuas are considered companion dogs. The AKC makes no distinction between a toy and teacup Chihuahua.

General Traits

Chihuahuas are alert and have temperaments resembling those of terriers. They are generally intelligent, confident and self-reliant. They are good dogs for city dwellers, as they need little exercise and require little grooming. They can have either long or short hair. Chihuahuas come in a variety of colors including black, black and tan, chocolate, fawn, fawn and white, black and red and gold. A Chihuahua's markings may be solid, spotted or even such that the dog appears to be wearing a mask.

Distinguishing Features

Teacup Chihuahuas differ from toy Chihuahuas only in that they are smaller than an average-size Chihuahua. Other than that, there is no real difference between the two. Both are Chihuahuas. Breeders typically qualify teacups as weighing five pounds or less and not exceeding nine inches in height. Because teacups are generally bred from the runt of a normal-sized Chihuahua litter, they may experience more health problems than toy Chihuahuas. Common health problems affecting teacup Chihuahuas are bladder stones, heart disease, tracheal disease and arthritis. The Chihuahua Club of America warns against paying significantly more for a teacup Chihuahua just because it is smaller. Therefore, it is wise to try to find a breeder who will sell you a teacup Chihuahua for the same price as a toy Chihuahua.

Tags: teacup Chihuahua, American Kennel, American Kennel Club, between teacup, Chihuahua Club, Chihuahua Club America

Care For A Declawed Cat With Behavior Problems

Declawed cats can suffer from anxiety.

Declawing, or onychectomy, is the process of amputating a cat's claws at the first knuckle. Well-meaning pet owners may opt for this medically unnecessary surgery for a number of reasons, including the thought that it eliminates some behavioral problems in cats. Unfortunately, the surgery may produce the opposite effect. Up to 50 percent of cats that are declawed develop one or more complications, according to an article published in Veterinary Surgery. Pet owners must learn new techniques to care for a cat that develops behavioral problems as a result of declawing.

Instructions

1. Restrict your cat's contact with unfamiliar animals. Declawing removes the cat's first line of defense. Since the cat is unable to scratch, it cannot easily protect itself, which can lead to the cat running away. Worse, declawed cats resort to biting as a means of self-defense when confronted. This can increase the chance of infection and abscesses.

2. Spend extra time with your cat. Declawed cats can develop anxiety or depression as a complication of losing an integral part of their bodies. Play with your cat and soothe your cat with as much attention and affection as you can.

3. Rearrange your cat's environment. A declawed cat may not be able to balance correctly because its third phalanx has been removed. Move food and water bowls to a lower location that your cat doesn't have to jump or balance to reach.

4. Give your cat a safe place it can call its own. Declawed cats who use running away as a defense mechanism to any unfamiliar stimuli may behave better when given a room to themselves where they can retreat when they feel afraid.

5. Switch your cat's litter. Some declawed cats suffer from neuropathy and nerve damage as a result of the surgery. This leads to the cats refusing to use their litter box. Switch to a softer litter, such as a wheat- or recycled newspaper-based litter.

6. Invest in calming pheromone products. Pheromone diffusers release a scent into the air that is unnoticeable to humans. The scent mimics calming hormones produced by the cat's own body. Scared or upset declawed cats may calm down when exposed to pheromones.

7. Speak to your veterinarian. Some declawed cats act out because of nerve pain. Others may have an anxiety disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder. Your veterinarian is in the best position to prescribe a course of treatment, up to and including medication, to deal with these behavioral problems.

Tags: behavioral problems, cats suffer, cats suffer from, declawed cats, declawed cats

Insulate An Outdoor Cat Shelter With A Mylar Blanket

Mylar blankets are a cheap way to provide insulation for your outdoor cat shelter. These inexpensive safety blankets are reflective and direct the heat towards the inside of the shelter and will also insulate your pets from harsh winds and snow. Mylar blankets are thin enough to be mounted using a staple gun -- this allows you to remove the insulation when the warmer months arrive.

Instructions

1. Measure the dimensions of your cat shelter. This will give you an idea of how many blankets you will need to purchase to fully cover the exterior of the shelter.

2. Unwrap the first blanket and align the top corner of the mylar blanket with the top corner of the first wall, from the outside.

3. Staple the blanket in place with a staple gun. Staple the blanket every few inches to keep wind from going underneath the edges. Most cat enclosures are made of a wood frame which provides a good surface to staple the sheets to. If there is no wood frame to staple of the blankets to, place the blankets on the shelter and wrap several bungee cords or rope around the blankets to secure them.

4. Staple the remaining sheets in the same way. Overlap the mylar blankets to prevent air and snow from seeping through the cracks. Continue the process until all four walls and the roof are properly covered.

Tags: Mylar blankets, Staple blanket, wood frame

Post A "For Sale" Ad On Craigslist

You can easily sell unwanted items on Craigslist.

If you don't have the time or location to host a rummage sale, you can try selling unwanted items on the internet. The basic, user-friendly interface of Craigslist makes it simple for you to post text and photos of items for sale. After snapping a few digital photos of the item for sale and uploading them to your computer, you're mere minutes away from posting a sale ad on Craigslist. The website does not charge listing fees or commissions when you're selling an item.

Instructions

1. Click the "My Account" link on the left side of the Craigslist homepage.

2. Type your email address or Craigslist handle in the corresponding text box in the center of the page.

3. Enter your password. Click the "Log In" button.

4. Click on the arrow of the drop-down box labeled "Post new ad in:" to choose the Craigslist location where you want your ad posted. Click the "Go" button next to the text box.

5. Click the circle next to the "For Sale" option under the "What type of posting is this:" heading. Click the "Continue" button at the bottom of the screen.

6. Click the circle in front of the desired category, then click the "Continue" button. This opens a blank ad template.

7. Fill in the "Posting Title" box with the name or type of item for sale. Type a price in the corresponding box. Fill in the "Location" box with your city and state.

8. Tick the circle next to "Hide" to make your email address invisible or choose "Anonymize" to have Craigslist create an anonymous email for buyers to user to contact you.

9. Fill in the "Posting Description" box with details about the item for sale. Include specific information such as measurements, color, condition and contact you if you have chosen the "Hide" option for your email address.

10. Click the "Add/Edit" images link to add photos to your ad. Click the "Browse" button next to one of the photo upload icons to locate a photo on your computer hard drive to post. Repeat the photo upload process up to four times per ad.

11. Press the "Continue" button to preview the layout of your ad. Check for spelling errors. Make sure you included a price, location and how the buyer should contact you.

12. Click the "Edit Again" button to make changes. Click "Continue" to confirm and finalize your post by typing an encryption message into a text box. Ads usually appear on Craigslist within 15 minutes. You will receive a confirmation email when the post goes live.

Tags: Continue button, email address, item sale, your email, your email address, button next, circle next

Compare Goldendoodles & Labradoodles

Labradoodles have low-shedding coats that require regular brushing.

A goldendoodle is a hybrid dog that results from breeding a golden retriever with a poodle. A labradoodle is a cross between a Labrador retriever and a poodle. Both crossbreeds are highly intelligent, energetic dogs that are so similar in appearance you may find it difficult to choose between them. You can determine which dog is right for you by doing some research.

Grooming

Check with local groomers to determine the grooming requirements for each breed. Both dogs have low-shedding coats that require regular brushing. However, at 4 to 7 inches long, the goldendoodle's longer coat may require additional brushing or clipping.

Temperament

Seek out breed-specific organizations to talk with owners of each breed about the temperament and behavior of their dogs. Although both breeds make good family pets, some differences exist. For example, according to Discovering Labradoodles, the goldendoodle is outgoing and people-oriented, while the labradoodle is more reserved with strangers and makes a better watchdog.

Health Issues

Because they are hybrids, goldendoodles and labradoodles are generally healthy dogs. However, disorders common to Labrador retrievers, golden retrievers and poodles may be passed on to the offspring. For example, the goldendoodle may be prone to skin problems. A veterinarian can discuss possible health concerns and provide references for reputable breeders.

Tags: coats that, coats that require, each breed, have low-shedding, have low-shedding coats

Starting A Dog Treat Business

Many pet owners want to provide their dogs with a natural healthy diet free from preservatives, dyes and other additives. You can make all natural dog treats in your own kitchen from wholesome ingredients and deliver them fresh to your canine customers. The ingredients and equipment used to make dog treats are inexpensive, but people are willing to pay for quality, so the profit margin is high. Starting a dog treat business can be rewarding because dog treats are simple to make, dogs rarely complain about flavor and they almost always appreciate any treats you give them.

Instructions

Instructions

1. Check on the laws in your community. You may need to get a business license and have your kitchen inspected by the health department. There are laws that govern how food items are sold through the Internet and mail. Find out what information you will need to include on the labels. Know what taxes you will be expected to pay and keep meticulous records of your expenses.

2. Buy equipment, packaging material and ingredients. You will not need to spend much to get started in the dog treat business. Basic kitchen equipment, dog-themed cookie cutters, labels and baking supplies will get you started. Shop around to get the best prices and try to find wholesale suppliers.

3. Perfect your recipes. There are many recipes available on the Internet and in pet cookbooks. Give samples to all the dogs you know to determine which treats they find most appealing. Try to find a niche, such as allergen-free treats, gourmet ingredients or birthday cakes and packages. Make the treats in different sizes for various-sized dogs.

4. Decide on a catchy name for your dog treat business and design a logo. Determine a fair price for the treats and print out price sheets and business cards. Make the price sheet colorful and include pictures of the treats and their ingredients.

5. Find places to sell your dog treats. Provide samples and price sheets to veterinarian offices, kennels, small pet stores and dog daycare facilities. Set up a table to sell dog treats at pet adoption fairs, dog shows, farmer's markets and fund-raising events. Make your price sheets and business cards readily available to encourage future orders.

6. Be persistent. Starting a dog treat business is competitive in some areas and you will have to build a loyal customer base by consistently proving quality products.

Tags: price sheets, treat business, business cards, price sheets business, sheets business, sheets business cards

Raise Dairy Goats

Raising dairy goats is an enjoyable way to start a small farm. Depending on the number of animals, a good deal of milk can be supplied for sale or perhaps making into cheese. With simple farming skills and a good knowledge of goats, raising dairy goats can be very worthwhile.

Instructions

1. Determine the particular dairy goat breed that best suits the farm. Common dairy goat breeds include the Indian Jamnapari, Alpine and Anglo Nubian.

2. Find out what products will be created with the goat milk. Goat milk can be used in recipes and can be frozen or canned. Butter and cheese are also favorite items produced by dairy goats.

3. Understand that dairy goat females come into heat in early autumn and stay in heat for several months. This will last for 3 to 4 days and cycle on and off for approximately 25 days. Once fertilized, gestation takes 150 days with twins as a common result.

4. Build a small enclosure to house the animals from the elements. A simple 20-square-foot roofed building or shed with a dirt or sawdust covered floor will suffice. The pen must be kept dry and free of excessive urine or feces.

5. Erect a fence to pen the dairy goats. Typical fencing consists of at least three strands of electrified wire. Allow each goat to experience the shock of the fence. This teaches the animal that there is a fence there and prevents him from running through it if spooked. The fencing also keeps out other animals and predators.

6. Trim the hooves of the dairy goats at least every 6 weeks or once a month. Overgrown hooves can lead to lameness that can seriously injure the animals.

7. Keep the goats well vaccinated for diseases and health issues. Healthy goats produce more milk and prevent others from developing health problems.

Tags: dairy goat, dairy goats, dairy goats

Get Rid Of Mites For My Shih Tzu That Scratches A Lot

To keep your Shih Tzu mite-free, consider cleaning its ears daily.

A Shih Tzu that is constantly scratching its ears and has brown discharge coming from them could indicate a sure sign of mites - microscopic parasites that attack a dog's ears. It is important that you stop the dog from scratching, as that can worsen the problem by causing an infection.

Instructions

Getting rid of mites on a Shih Tzu

1. From a pet store, get a cone and put it on the dog's neck. The cone will make the dog look like it has a lampshade on its head. This will prevent the dog from scratching its ears.You will need to keep the cone on until the problem goes away.

2. Mix 1 teaspoon of white vinegar to 3 tablespoons of water. Pour half the solution in one of the ears. Rub the ear until you hear a squishing sound. Let the dog shake his head. Clean the ear out. Repeat the procedure with the other ear. Repeat every other day for six days. You can buy a similar solution at a feed or pet store or from your veterinarian. The package directs that you repeat the procedure weekly.

3. If the above procedure does not work, try shampooing the dog's head and ears. Also, shampoo his tail. Then repeat the procedure. After a month, of following these steps, the dog shouldn't have mites anymore. As a last resort, take your dog to the veterinarian who can prescribe antibiotics.

4. Rub the ears with aloe vera to reduce the inflammation and give the dog a little more comfort while the ears heal. Yellow Dock is an herbal tea remedy used to kill mites. Use it the same way as in Step 2. An alternative to the vinegar and water is a half of almond or olive oil and 400 IU vitamin E. Blend in a dropper bottle with warm water. Mites like to hide until you finish then they will crawl back into the ears.

Tags: from scratching, repeat procedure, scratching ears, your veterinarian

Middle School Project Ideas For A 13 Year Old Girl

Girls can act out a movie as a school project.

For many middle school students, the opportunity to complete a project in place of taking a test is a desirable one; it gives them the chance to show their understanding in a more creative fashion. By selecting an engaging project type, and fully committing themselves to project completion, middle school girls can have fun while showing what they know.

Book Adaptation Movie

13-year-old girls are likely past the age of playing dress-up with their friends, but this does not mean that they don't still enjoy dressing in a whimsical fashion from time to time. By selecting a movie project, teens can give themselves occasion to engage in creative play while completing their project. Instead of writing a standard book report, middle school girls may enjoy crafting a movie in which they re-enact the book or create a sequel to, or modernization of, the tale.

Artistic Creation

Teens who possess artistic skill may most enjoy creating artistic representations of their understanding. Girls handy with a paintbrush may want to paint pictures to show that they understand a complex science process. Those with a creative eye may like to create a collage to capture the theme of a text. A student talented in sculpting may appreciate the opportunity to sculpt a monument for a historical event.

Engaging Research Paper

Engaging in research can be quite the bore; however, by selecting a topic of particular interest to them, teen girls can make this process a fun one. By writing about the impact that advertisements have on teen body image, for example, teen girls can not just practice their research skills, but also gather information about a topic of relevance to them.

Community Service Project

Many 13-year-old girls are eager to lend a helping hand, making a community service project the ideal way in which to use their energy. By volunteering within the community, teens may be able to learn about science, put math skills to work or develop a greater appreciation for some of the governmental principles discussed in social studies.

Learning Journal

Diary keeping is a popular pastime for many teen girls, making keeping a learning journal right up their alley. To keep a learning journal, the teen must write daily about what she has learned and discuss her personal thoughts on these topics. By reviewing the journal, the teacher can not only see that the student understands, but also get some insight into how she feels about the content studied.

Tags: middle school, teen girls, 13-year-old girls, middle school girls, school girls

Adopt A Maltese

Adopting a Maltese is worth the effort. You will save a life. If you adopt a Maltese from a rescue group, you should learn important information about the behavior and personality of the dog. Most rescue groups foster dogs with families until new homes are found. There are thousands of Maltese and Maltese mixes that need new homes. Adopting a Maltese that fits with your personality and lifestyle will lead to years of happy companionship.

Instructions

1. Educate yourself about the Maltese breed. Get a good book about Maltese at a bookstore or talk with friends who own a Maltese. Even better, ask if you can doggy-sit a friend's dog for a day or two. Maltese are small dogs; usually they weigh 5 to 10 lbs. They are known not to do well with children because they are snappy. They are good dogs for apartment living because they do not need lots of exercise.

2. Contact a Maltese rescue group, which specializes in Maltese and Maltese mixes. The rescue group will ask that you complete a questionnaire. This is necessary so you can be matched with a dog that will work out in your home. The rescue will conduct an interview and contact your references. Many groups also visit the home of the prospective adopter to make certain the home is safe for the dog. The process for adopting through a rescue can take a few days; however, if the group is able to get you a good match, it is worth the wait.

3. Search for a Maltese in an all-breed rescue group. Not all adoptable Maltese are in Maltese rescue groups. Many Maltese are placed in new homes through all-breed dog rescue groups. All-breed rescue groups do not specialize in any one breed, but instead help many different breeds and mixes. It is easy to locate an available Maltese through www.petfinder.com, an online shelter portal. You can search on petfinder.com by location, breed, age and even gender.

4. Call your veterinarian or other pet care professional. Veterinarians, groomers and kennel operators often are asked by clients to help find homes for pets.

5. Visit your local animal shelter. Although it is rare, occasionally a purebred Maltese will end up in a shelter. This is more common in large animal shelters. Finding a nice Maltese mix is more likely. Adopting a dog from an animal shelter is truly saving a life. It is estimated that between 5 million and 7 million pets die in United States shelters every year. Approximately 25 percent of the animals in shelters are purebred.

Tags: rescue group, rescue groups, Maltese Maltese, about Maltese, Adopting Maltese, all-breed rescue, animal shelter

Greyhound Ticket Information

Greyhound bus tickets are easy to purchases online or at a station booth

Founded in 1914, Greyhound Bus Lines has been operating coaches all across the United States. Passengers are given many choices when purchasing Greyhound tickets, whether it be for one-way or return trips via the Internet, telephone, or station booth. Travelers will find buying any Greyhound bus ticket easy and convenient.

Print at Home Tickets

Passengers who don't have the time to buy tickets over the telephone or visit a Greyhound station can book their trips online and then print out tickets in the comfort of their home. Printed ticket customers will need a valid email address for ticket confirmation purposes, as well as a valid ID to board the bus.

Tickets at a Greyhound Terminal

Travelers wanting to catch the next bus out of town or buy advanced tickets, can do so at nationwide Greyhound terminals. At some locations, passengers can use the easy self-service kiosks to purchase tickets, or buy from a Greyhound attendant. Proper ID is required, and Greyhound accepts debit cards, Visa, Mastercard, Discover and AmEx. Money orders are not acceptable forms of payment for Greyhound tickets.

Gift Ticket Orders

If you're wanting to surprise someone with a Greyhound trip as a gift, the company has created non-refundable Gift Ticket Orders, which can be purchased for your family and friends. The recipient needs a valid ID to collect the ticket, and purchases can be made online, by telephone, or at a station booth.

Tags: Greyhound tickets, station booth, Gift Ticket, Gift Ticket Orders, telephone station, telephone station booth, Ticket Orders

Screen Blood Donor Hemoglobin Using Copper Sulfate

A drop of blood sinking in a tube copper sulfate.

Before being eligible to donate blood or blood components, prospective donors must be tested to determine if they have adequate amounts of hemoglobin for their safety. The minimum qualification is 12.5 grams per deciliter (g/dL) and causes the majority of donor deferrals. One of the standard methods involves placing a drop of blood into a test tube of copper sulfate solution: if the drop of blood sinks to the bottom in an acceptable amount of time, the donor qualifies. If the drop of blood floats or takes too long to sink the donor is deferred. This article describes, for educational purposes, the steps involved in qualitatively testing blood for hemoglobin level using copper sulfate.

Instructions

1. The copper sulfate solution is placed into a clear, several inch high test tube that is kept at room temperature and covered to prevent evaporation. A new tube is made daily or after 20-30 tests.

2. A small amount blood is produced from the side of an alcohol swabbed finger using a lancet followed by pressure at the stick site. The blood drop is then drawn into a small capillary tube by capillary action. The finger prick site has gauze applied to it to stop any bleeding.

3. A latex dropper bulb is then attached to the capillary tube containing the blood. The dropper bulb is squeezed slightly to expel a blood drop half an inch above the now opened copper sulfate test tube. The blood drop automatically forms a pellet upon contact with the copper sulfate. The used capillary tube is disposed of as biohazardous waste.

4. The blood drop is observed for a short time to determine whether it sinks (donor hemoglobin above 12.5 g/dL cut-off) or swims (donor hemoglobin MAY be below 12.5 g/dL cut-off). Since the test is just an estimate, many false-negatives tests (hemoglobin is not <12.5 g/dL) are produced and hemoglobin may be checked in another more accurate manner.

Tags: copper sulfate, blood drop, drop blood, capillary tube, test tube

Places To Adopt A Dog In Central New Jersey

Adopting a dog as a pet is one of the most compassionate things you can do. Not only do you provide a homeless dog with a loving home, but you are also helping address the problem of pet overpopulation by not supporting backyard breeders. These days, most animal shelters are filled to capacity while their operating budgets are slashed or severely reduced. In Central New Jersey, there are a number of places where you can rescue a loving dog for a very economical price that will no doubt bring joy and love to your home for years to come.

Hunterdon Humane Animal Shelter

The Hunterdon Humane Animal Shelter is located in Milford, New Jersey, and is open seven days a week from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. In addition to caring for homeless and unwanted dogs, cats and horses, the shelter provides assistance with securing low-cost spay and neuter services and microchipping. Dogs available for adoption can be viewed at the shelter and on its website. All applicants seeking to adopt a dog must fill out an adoption application. The cost of adopting a dog is $95.

576 Stamets Road

Milford, New Jersey 08848

(908) 996-2525

Ewing Township Animal Shelter

The Ewing Township Animal Shelter, located on the border of Ewing Township and West Trenton, takes in unwanted and homeless animals and puts them up for adoption. The shelter is open Monday through Friday, 1 p.m. to 3 p.m., for public viewing. Additional hours may be requested by appointment. Pictures of adoptable dogs are also available online. Individuals seeking to adopt a dog must complete an application that is subject to approval.

560 W Ingham Ave

Trenton, New Jersey 08638

609-393-9608

Monmouth County SPCA

The Monmouth County SPCA is a nonprofit organization located in Eatontown, New Jersey, and dedicated to the welfare of animals. The center is open to the public seven days a week, Saturday through Wednesday 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. and Thursday and Friday 1 p.m. to 6 p.m.. The shelter has a number of dogs for adoption, most of which can also be viewed on the organization's website. The website features pictures and videos of each adoptable dog, along with a thorough description. Adoption fees vary based on the age, breed and sex of the dog and include microchipping, spaying and neutering, shots, heartworm testing, ear and nail cleaning, deworming and flea treatment if appropriate.

260 Wall Street

Eatontown, New Jersey, 07724

732-542-0040

Tags: Animal Shelter, Ewing Township, adopt must, Animal Shelter located, Central Jersey

Buy A Bark Collar For A Small Dog

bark collar

Buying a bark collar for a small dog can be a challange. Companies such as Petsafe, Innotek, Dogtra, Tritronics and DT Systems all have a different dog training collar to help you with your frustration. If conventional yelling methods have not stopped your dog from barking, maybe the next step is in order. There are many dog training tools available to you, but the cheapest and easiest dog trainer available is going to be a simple collar. There are many types of bark collars for small dogs around. There are Ultrasonic bark collars, there are citronella bark collars and there is the ever famous electronic bark collar also known as a shock collar. All three can be effective on your dog, you just have to select wisely to get your desired outcome.

Instructions

1. The first step to finding a bark collar for a small dog is to find what type of bark collar would work best for your dog. If you feel they could be corrected with a simple high pitched tone, than you should begin to look for a UltraSonic bark collar. If you feel you will need a little more help, you can go with the Citronella bark collar or go to a shock collar.

2. Look at web sites that are dedicated to selling bark collars for small dogs. Sites like PetSafe and Innotek are two that cater to small dogs. They both offer UltraSonic and shock collars. Bark collars for small dogs are rather hard to find so you must dig deep. Size is a big factor.

3. Pick the size of collar that you feel would be a good fit for your dog. When buying a bark collar for a small dog, this is very important. A mechanism that is too big may hinder the dog's ability to get around. So the smaller the dog, the smaller the mechanism. Petsafe has the smallest shock collar on the market.

4. Look at the reviews of each individual bark collar for small dogs. There are many bark collars out there. Some are good, some aren't. There are plenty of reviews to get the best bark collar available to you. Remember, don't buy the cheapest bark collar for small dogs, buy the best. If you do your homework, you will fid that perfect fit.

Tags: bark collar, small dogs, bark collar small, bark collars, bark collars there

Sell Game Birds

Sell Game Birds

Game birds include all types of quail, pheasant, partridge, dove, snipe and pigeon. You can breed and sell game birds to sporting clubs and hunting reserves for outdoor sports shooting. Game birds are also on the menus of some restaurants who offer specialty meats.

Instructions

1. Apply for a Game Breeder's License if you plan to both breed and sell. Your state's Department of Natural Resources will send you an application. There is a fee which usually runs around $15.50 for residents and about $26.00 for non-residents. The application will come with your state's rules, regulations and guidelines for breeding game birds and also for selling.

2. Decide on which type of game birds you plan to sell. This information will be requested on your application.

3. Prepare your property for housing game birds. You'll need brooders and cages, depending on what quantities you plan to handle.

4. Visit your local bookstore or library and find books on game birds. You'll need to know care for them as you prepare to market.

5. Market your game birds, depending on your potential customer base. Prepare fliers advertising your birds for sale to hunting reserves and restaurants, whichever is applicable to your area. You can advertise online and find suppliers online also.

6. Register and file a stamp similar to what is used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in grading meat if you plan to sell to markets or restaurants. You need to keep records showing the number of game birds sold with the name and address of the breeder if you sell game birds for food. Markets are subject to inspection.

7. Keep accurate, up-to-date records of where you bought your supply of game birds, where you sold them and keep track of numbers. This is not only good business practice, but necessary in case of questions from the Department of Natural Resources or your State Conservation Officer.

Tags: game birds, birds also, birds need, breed sell, Department Natural, Department Natural Resources, game birds

Rescue A Shih Tzu In Seattle

Shih Tzu dogs are beautiful companions. They are an indoor dog that need companionship. They are lifetime companions that will be part of your family for the next 14 to 18 years. Shih Tzu dogs are a high-maintenance breed, requiring regular grooming and near constant companionship. That being said, the love and loyalty you will receive from your Shih Tzu will last a lifetime. If you are thinking of getting a Shih Tzu, consider rescuing one from the Seattle Purebred Dog Rescue.

Instructions

1. The local Shih Tzu Rescue in Seattle is the Seattle Purebred Dog Rescue. Click on their website link in the Resources section below.

2. Download the terms of adoption and read through them thoroughly. If you agree to the terms, print out and sign the form.

3. Download and print out the application for adoption. Answer it openly and honestly. The adoption application will help the rescue find the best Shih Tzu for your family.

4. Mail the application, terms of adoption and $5 to the Seattle Purebred Dog Rescue, P.O. Box 3523, Redmond, WA 98073-3523.

5. You will be contacted by a Shih Tzu breed Representative within 2 weeks of sending out your application. They will ask you further questions about your home environment, veterinarian and how often you are at your house. Should the interview go well, your representative will place a Shih Tzu in your home once one that fits your profile becomes available.

Tags: Purebred Rescue, Seattle Purebred, Seattle Purebred Rescue, Shih dogs, Shih your

Is Petco Brewer'S Yeast & Garlic Safe For Cats

The vitamin enriched NaturVet Brewer's Yeast and Garlic tablets sold by Petco are safe for adult dogs and cats alike. However, because of their garlic content, it is not recommended that cats take the tablets regularly.

Ingredients

The most prominent ingredients in the tablets are, as the name implies, yeast and garlic. Other ingredients include beef liver, magnesium stearate, silica aerogel, niacin, thiamine mononitrate, ascorbic acid, stearic acid, riboflavin and peanut butter.

Brewer's Yeast

Brewer's Yeast helps control fleas by creating an odor from the inside out that is unpleasant. It is also beneficial to cats by stimulating the immune system, controlling shedding, and promoting healthy skin.

Garlic

Garlic has been proven to be very effective at eliminating fleas in dogs, and is considered healthy for cats in small quantities. However, too much garlic can cause gastrointestinal complications, red blood cell damage, and other health complications.

Beef Liver

Beef liver is a common ingredient in many pet treats and contains high quantities of vitamins. Flea medications include beef liver as a main ingredient for flavor and nutritional value.

Vitamins

These tablets include high quantities of vitamins to help protect against 'flea anemia,' which is a common cause of death in cats. This condition occurs when a large amount of fleas leave a cat with an inadequate supply of red blood cells.

Tags: Brewer Yeast, beef liver, Brewer Yeast Garlic, high quantities, high quantities vitamins, include beef

Pet Games For Psp

What games on the PSP are based on pets?

The invention of video game technology has lead many to partake in life experiences that may never have been possible. For example, parents with children who are allergic to animals yet longing for a pet are able to provide their children with a virtual pet through video games. The Sony PSP handheld device offers a number of games involving raising pets for gamers of all ages.

The Sims 2: Pets

Based on the highly popular simulation game The Sims, the spin-off game The Sims 2: Pets allows users to create pets for their Sims to own, train and play with. Users may choose from cats, dogs and guinea pigs, and then customize the pet's looks and personality to their own specifications. After creating the pet, players are able to accessorize with clothing and teach the animal tricks. Players may also take the pets to the game's animal park, allowing them to mingle with other computer generated pets.

The Sims 2: Pets is currently available for purchase and as of 2010, the cost is $19.95.

Neopets: Petpet Adventures, The Wand of Wishing

The game Neopets: Petpet Adventures, The Wand of Wishing takes a different approach to combining pets with video games. Instead of creating and training their pet, users will guide the animals through a series of levels, each with their own challenges to complete. Players first create the animal they would like to control, then begin the journey through the hidden world of Petaria. More than 100 characters are available to choose from and over 800 hidden items can be collected for use throughout the levels. To complete the game, players must recover the Wand of Wishing.

Released in 2006 Neopets: Petpet Adventures, The Wand of Wishing is available for purchase with a MSRP of $39.99.

The Dog: Happy Life

After a long wait, PSP users will finally be able to have their hands on a competitor to the famous Nintendog game for the Nintendo DS with the upcoming release of The Dog: Happy Life. The game features 16 different breeds of dogs for users to select from and comes complete with accessories and pet rooms to pamper the pet. Players can play a number of games with their dogs, and the game comes loaded with the ability to not only create commemorative photos of the pets but to also share the photos after transferring to a computer.

The Dog: Happy Life is expected to be released in late 2010 or early 2011.

Tags: Wand Wishing, Adventures Wand, Adventures Wand Wishing, Happy Life, Neopets Petpet

Potty Training Dogs For Dummies

Housebroken dogs go to the bathroom outside.

While it is never a fun task to housebreak a dog, leaving your dog untrained is even more difficult for everyone involved. People dislike untrained dogs that eliminate all over and many dogs end up in shelters for that reason. Fortunately, potty training doesn't need to be an ordeal. Following a few simple rules makes potty training simple for you and your puppy.

Inside or Outside: The First Potty Training Decision

Dogs trained to use papers or pads inside the house are "housetrained." Housetrained dogs know where to potty inside the house and use those areas exclusively. Should those areas become extremely soiled, however, housetrained dogs may select inappropriate places to "do their business."

Dogs trained to go potty outside are "housebroken." Housebroken dogs signal their owners when they have to eliminate, usually by whining or scratching at the door. Ignoring signals leads to avoidable "accidents" inside.

Sometimes a combination of these methods is helpful; that is, training your dog to signal that it has to potty and providing a place to potty inside to prevent accidents.

Keep Potty Training Age-Appropriate

Help your puppy succeed at pottying in the right place. Keep it confined to a crate or a puppy-proof area, especially when you are not home. Take your puppy to its potty area immediately after eating or drinking. Offer water frequently during the day, but do not provide free-choice water until training is complete. Be prepared to reinforce your commands many times -- repetition and happy praise are key.

Maintain a Schedule

Puppies must eat and drink at regularly scheduled times. A regular schedule trains your puppy's bowels and bladder to eliminate at certain times of the day. An age-appropriate schedule consists of bringing your puppy to the potty area every 2 hours if it is 2 months old, every 3 hours if it is 3 months old, and every 4 hours if it is 4 months old. As your puppy gets older, it can go 1 additional hour without pottying for every month of its age, up until it is 1 year old.

Retraining an Adolescent or an Adult Dog

Adolescent or adult dogs may need to be retrained, particularly post-surgery or if they come from a shelter or rescue. Begin training as you would a puppy, feeding small meals several times a day and bringing it to the potty area immediately afterward.

Tags: your puppy, every hours, every hours months, hours months, potty area, area immediately, Dogs trained

Python Breeding Characteristics

Pythons achieve maturity when they reach a certain size.

According to the Zoological Society of San Diego and the San Diego Zoo, there are two species of snakes known as "constrictors": pythons and boas. Both species are best known both for their large size and their method of hunting and killing prey. Constrictors use their massive bodies and muscles to suffocate their meals before feeding. While they are very similar, there are several differences between pythons and boas. Probably the most striking characteristic is found in breeding. Boas give birth to live young, whereas pythons lay eggs.

Breeding Season

Pythons take their breeding cues from the light cycle and ambient temperature. Typically, captive pythons breed during the shortest days of the year, when the temperatures are cooler. In the Northern Hemisphere, the breeding season is most often between November and April, though some species breed at odd times of the year. Pythons are abundant in tropical climates, and their natural habitats are primarily found in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, wild-python breeding activities have been observed to occur primarily from September through November.

Reaching Maturity

It is believed that pythons achieve sexual maturity when they reach a certain size, as opposed to a certain age. As a result, some pythons may begin breeding at an earlier age than others. In Burmese pythons, for example, males are able to breed when they reach about 8 feet in length, and females at 10 feet. The smaller the python, the fewer eggs she will likely yield.

Courtship

During the breeding season, males tend to be more aggressive toward each other and will fight. When a healthy male and female meet, there is usually a period of courtship, thought this is sometimes short. The male will often straighten out alongside the female, as if comparing lengths, when he introduces himself. He will then follow her around and crawl over her, using his anal spurs to prepare for copulation.

Eggs and Hatching

After copulation has occurred, the female will ovulate, producing eggs. At this point, the male is no longer needed. The female's body will appear as though she swallowed a football, and she will seem bloated. After she lays the eggs, she will coil around them to incubate them, and remain with them until they hatch. If it is particularly cold, she will shiver in order to generate more heat to keep the eggs viable. The female will incubate and protect her eggs until they hatch. Once hatched, the young pythons are left to fend for themselves. During copulation, ovulation and incubation, the female will not feed. Depending on the species, the eggs can take 60 days or more to hatch. Environmental factors such as temperature will affect the incubation period. As a result, she will lose as much as 44% of her body weight. It is believed that, for this reason, female pythons will usually not breed again for two to three years.

Tags: female will, they reach, when they, when they reach, believed that

The History Of The Irish Staffordshire Bull Terrier

This bull terrier's history spans decades and cultures.

The Irish Staffordshire Bull Terrier has a rowdy and multi-cultural past. Starting as a dog-fighting breed in Ireland and England, this breed is a mix between the bull dog and the terrier. The breed has continued to develop since its inception in the 19th century. As of 2010, the breed is registered in both the UK's Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club. While no longer a fighting dog, the breed is instead a household pet known for its fearlessness, its love of chewing things, and its ability to get along with older children in family homes.

Dog Fighting

From the 13th century, dogs had been used for bull-baiting, a kind of public entertainment. Bulldog breeds fought with a bull with spectating gamblers hollering for their dog to win. To create fresh entertainment and competition, dog breeders started creating new breeds. Breeders crossed bulldogs for their strength, tenacity and almost reckless fearlessness and terriers for their quick moves and agile body types.

James Hinks

According to CanineChronicle.com, Irishman James Hinks (1829-1878) was the first Bull Terrier breeder and became rich from the trade. A poor man from Mullingar, Ireland, Hinks got into dog fighting which won him money and a chance to move up in status. To create a new fierce kind of breed, Hinks brought the bull dog and the Staffordshire terrier together to create a competitive, intelligent and loyal breed.

First Staffordshire Terriers

After the mastiff-like bull dogs and quick terriers became a well established "bull and terrier" breed, breeders continued developing the breed for fighting in Staffordshire, England. When Great Britain enacted animal welfare laws that banned bulls and bear-baiting fights, crowds gathered to watch and gamble on dog-to-dog combat instead. The Irish Staffordshire terrier was the top fighting dog.

Irish Staffordshire Bull Terrier Registration

When England went to register the Staffordshire terrier in the Kennel Club in the 1950s there was a bit of a problem. There were two types of Staffordshire breed--an English one and a more Irish one with slight differences in shape, size and behavior. The Kennel club sent the Staffordshire dogs to Ireland to keep the dog thoroughbred as an Irish breeding strain.

In the 1980s, Irish breeders brought the breed back to England to differentiate it from the UK's Kennel Club called plain Staffordshires. They added "Irish" to the breed's name to separate the two breeds for good.

Staffordshires Vs Irish Staffordshires

Irish breeders developed a taller, leaner and more agile dog than the Kennel Club's Staffordshire dog. When Irish and English lawmakers officially banned the dog-fighting sport, few people were interested in buying or breeding the bull terrier. However, a refreshed interest in the dog revived in the 1980s when the dog was bought as a pet in the UK and in the U.S.

Tags: Irish Staffordshire, Kennel Club, Irish Staffordshire Bull, Staffordshire Bull, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Staffordshire terrier, Bull Terrier

Volunteer For Rhodesian Ridgeback Rescue

Volunteer for Rhodesian Ridgeback Rescue

Most purebred dog rescue organizations need all the help they can get, and Rhodesian Ridgeback rescue is no exception. Every year, various Ridgeback rescue groups save thousands of dogs from being euthanized in shelters all over the country, and they need volunteers to make this happen. If you have time to donate and feel passionately about saving Rhodesian Ridgebacks, then plenty of volunteer opportunities await.

Instructions

1. Get comfortable with the breed. The best Rhodesian Ridgeback rescue workers know all the quirks and normal characteristics of the breed, such as their independence, protectiveness and desire to chase small critters. Awareness of these traits helps you educate potential adoptive families. Overall, the more time you spend with Ridgebacks, the more skills you have to offer rescue, making you a more versatile volunteer.

2. Decide in which capacity you would like to volunteer to assist Rhodesian Ridgeback rescue. Rescue organizations need workers to fill a variety of roles, including fostering, transporting, home checks and phone interviews for potential owners, dog evaluations and paperwork. Probably the single biggest need in any rescue group is fostering, so if you want to help out in a big way, consider taking in homeless Ridgebacks while they wait to find their new owners. But don't feel like you have to foster. There are plenty of ways to volunteer for a rescue group that doesn't involve keeping a dog at your home.

3. Go online to find a Rhodesian Ridgeback rescue group operating in your geographic area (see Resources below). Then contact the workers listed and talk to them about volunteer opportunities.

4. Ask for any training materials. Most rescue organizations have information on perform various rescue tasks, such as the home check and assessing a dog's temperament. Review the materials so you are familiar with what is expected of you ahead of time. Also, feel free to ask to tag along during different rescue activities to gain experience.

5. Jump right in. Let the rescue group officials know you're available to help. Better yet, if your local Rhodesian Ridgeback rescue group is part of an online discussion group, join immediately. Online groups are a great way to keep track of what's occurring in the rescue community at any given time and should expose you to ample opportunities to help out.

Tags: Rhodesian Ridgeback, rescue group, Rhodesian Ridgeback rescue, Ridgeback rescue, Ridgeback rescue, organizations need

Care For Baby Zoo Animals

Care for Baby Zoo Animals

Everyone loves going to the zoo to see animals up close, and one of the more popular attractions is seeing a baby animal up close. Whenever possible, zoos choose for the mother animal to care for their babies. However, sometimes mother animals are unable to care for their babies and zookeepers must step in to care for baby zoo animals.

Instructions

1. Learn everything you can about the animals in your care. Check out books and talk to experts about the species and care needed.

2. Handle baby zoo animals with care. For instance, animals who normally live in a mother's pouch feel more secure when wrapped in a blanket. Too much handling or human contact may cause baby animals to have a setback, so contact with humans may be limited to a special few.

3. Create an environment that provides everything a baby animals needs in warmth, lighting and quiet. Most baby animals, including recently born birds, need warmth. When holding a baby animal, your body heat can warm up a chilled animal. Learn the best type of sleeping place for the animal. For example, birds need a cup shaped home.

4. Observe a baby animal's behavior to understand its likes and dislikes. Although research is helpful, animals can be as unique as humans can. Find out what things they like and include that in their environment or day-to-day care.

5. Feed baby zoo animals small amounts of the right kind of food often. Most baby animals need moist foods to get the liquid they need. For some, this is dog kibble soaked in hot water or baby cereal. You'll find the best food during your research, but also through observation. Make note of favorite foods, and always provide clean, fresh water.

6. Keep records about a zoo animal's health, including diet, size and behavior. Record keeping is an important part of caring for zoo animals.

7. Clean up a zoo animal's area. This is often the least favorite part of the job, but it's necessary to clean up the urine and poop.

Tags: baby animals, baby animal, baby animals, birds need, Care Baby, Care Baby Animals, care their

Potty Train A Rottweiler

Rottweilers are a large breed of dog that with the proper socialization, training and attention, can make a human companion. For some, potty training an adult Rottweiler may be easier than a puppy because of the limited attention span a puppy has. With repetition, persistence and positive reinforcement, you can potty train your Rottweiler. Make sure you have the time to dedicate to a puppy before deciding to get one, as potty training will require a lot of attention and time.

Instructions

1. Take the dog outside frequently. If you see your dog getting ready to eliminate, or he has started to eliminate, pick him up and take him outside immediately. Stay outside with him until he finishes eliminating or eliminates again. Give the dog loads of praise when he eliminates outside. Repetition with taking the dog outside will teach him that he should eliminate outside, not in the house. The praise will reinforce the good behavior of eliminating outside.

2. Stick to a schedule. Rottweilers mature slowly, remaining a puppy for up to two years. This means training could take up to 12 months. Sticking to a strict schedule will help keep your puppy or adult's body on a time table. Take your dog out immediately after he wakes up in the morning or from a nap. Also take the dog outside 30 minutes after every meal. When you take the dog outside you will have to wait for him to eliminate, then praise him. Praise tells the dog he is exhibiting an accepted behavior.

3. Establish a hierarchy. Rottweilers are hard headed and the leaders of their packs. You have to show your dog that you are dominant by reinforcing the potty training procedure. Once the dog learns that you are the leader of the pack, he will be submissive to you. This will help you potty train your dog by letting him know that he cannot eliminate in the house if you do not let him.

Tags: potty training, outside will, potty train, potty train your, take outside

Tell If A Puppy Will Be Mean

Observing puppies in a litter can help you to determine which is dominant.

When selecting a new furry friend to join your family, it's important to know how it will interact with others. Families with children need to be especially careful about selecting a puppy with a gentle demeanor. While it may take months for you to get to know all about your canine companion's likes and dislikes, you don't need to wait this long to determine whether it will be mean or friendly. A simple temperament test can help identify areas of concern and help you select the best puppy for your family.

Instructions

1. Observe the puppy with littermates if possible to determine dominance. In a group of dogs, the most dominant ones will eat first, initiate play and explore new items before the others. Submissive dogs will hesitate more, allowing the other puppies to lead the charge when feeding, playing and exploring. If the puppy doesn't belong to a litter, observe how it approaches you. If it carries its head and tail lower, it is more likely to be submissive while a dog that approaches with ears, head and tail up is probably more dominant. Dominant dogs are more likely to be aggressive while submissive ones are much easier to control.

2. Pet the puppy in firm strokes from its head down to its tail. Puppies that jerk away, nip or growl are more likely to be mean.

3. Test the puppy's reaction to different stimuli. Make a loud noise such as sudden clapping. If the dog barks aggressively, it may be mean. When taken outside, meaner dogs will lunge, bark, growl and strain at their leash, while gentle dogs should wag their tail and show quiet curiosity.

4. Remove the puppy's food bowl while it is eating. This is a test to determine how a dog may react when a child comes close while it is eating or plays with its food. Mean dogs may snap, growl or bark. Gentle dogs should look at you with curiosity and expectation, waiting for the food to be returned.

5. Tug the puppy's ears and tail gently. Don't hurt the puppy, but simulate the kind of uncoordinated play that may occur with small children. If the puppy nips or growls, it probably has a mean temperament.

Tags: more likely, dogs should, dogs will, head tail, puppy with, while eating, your family

Learn German Dog Commands

German dog commands are often used to train German Shepherds in Shutzhund.

German dog commands are often used in the sport of Schutzhund. The word "Schutzhund" means "protection dog." (See References 1) The Shutzhund sport originated in Germany. It was used to test German Shepherd dogs so breeders could select the highest quality breeding stock. (See References 2) Today, other breeds can participate in Shutzhund training. The demanding program requires that dogs excel in the areas of tracking, obedience and protection. Although the Schutzhund organization DVG America does not require it, many dog owners enjoy the authenticity of using German commands when practicing Schutzhund training. (See References 3) Some of the commands are easy to learn.

Instructions

1. Visit the DVG America website for a list of 13 German commands used in Shutzhund training. (See References 4) The commands are listed in the site's "Frequently Asked Questions" section and contain a pronunciation key.

2. Master the German pronunciation of the commands with the help of websites like German Culture (See References 5) and Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth German Course. (See References 6) These and other websites offer free German pronunciation exercises.

3. Seek out the help of a German instructor, if needed. Contact high schools and colleges in your area to ask if they offer courses teaching German. Ask for the instructor's contact information. Foreign language instructors often teach freelance and might be willing to meet with you for a lesson to help you properly pronounce the dog commands. If not, the instructors may be able to advise you on how you can best learn them.

Tags: German commands, commands often, commands often used, German commands often, German instructor

Fencing Rules & Regulations

There are three different weapons used in fencing (epee, sabre and foil), and each has a specific set of rules & regulations. However, there are some rules & regulations that all three have in common.

Clothing and Gear

All fencers must wear a mask, a glove and a jacket. All clothing and gear should fit properly to avoid snagging, getting in the way or having to be frequently adjusted.

Weapons

In a tournament, all weapons will be checked repeatedly to make sure they have not been tampered with and are in proper working order. In any situation, weapons need to be in good repair in order to ensure safety and fairness.

Technique

While not actually in motion, fencers should be in the en garde position. Fencers are also expected to use proper footwork and weapon-handling techniques.

Violence

While fencing requires a certain amount of aggression, violence is actually prohibited. Hitting an opponent unnecessarily hard, running down the strip or otherwise using excessive force, is frowned upon at all times, and will be penalized in a tournament. Body contact is also prohibited.

The Strip

Fencers fence on a strip or piste. They must stay within the boundaries of the strip at all times during a bout.

Salute and Shake Hands

Fencing etiquette has roots in the code of chivalry, and fencers are expected to show respect for each other. Each bout begins with both fencers formally saluting each other with their weapons. At the end of each bout, the fencers should shake hands using their non-weapon hands.

Tags: each other, fencers should

Texas Grandparent Guardianship Vs Adoption

Grandparents must meet certain requirements to receive conservatorship.

The differences between grandparent adoption and grandparent guardianship (conservatorship) in Texas can be a bit confusing. Each has lots of specific requirements that change with different situations.

Adoption

Children in the adoptive system come from many kinds of backgrounds.

In Texas, an adopted child's birth certificate and records are changed to reflect the legal (adopting) parents' names. To qualify to adopt, grandparents must be financially stable, have references from relatives and non-relatives, provide information on their general lifestyle and pass a criminal history check and a home study. The grandparents may be asked to complete Parent Resource for Information, Development and Education (PRIDE), a 35-hour competency program that ensures they know care for children from various backgrounds.

Guardianship/Conservatorship

Gaining conservatorship status is easier when the child knows the grandparent well.

A grandparent who has custody of his grandchild is the child's managing conservator. If a child's parents are deceased, then a grandparent is free to file a lawsuit for custody or may be appointed custody by courts without a lawsuit. If the child's parents are alive, then a grandparent can file a custody lawsuit under specific circumstances. For example, a grandparent can sue for custody when the child is in a dangerous situation and can sue with the consent of the child's parent or current guardian, according to Section 02.004 of Texas Family Code. If a custody lawsuit is under way, a grandparent may try to intercede.

Similarities and Differences

The main difference between a grandparent having conservatorship (custody) of a child and a non-relative adopting a child is the legal status of the birth parent. In conservatorship, that does not change, but it does with adoption. A grandparent of a child can adopt her grandchild, but the records are changed to reflect the adoption. In certain situations, it is easier for a grandparent to obtain conservatorship status of a grandchild than to adopt the grandchild.

Tags: adopt grandchild, adoption grandparent, between grandparent, changed reflect, child parents

Housebreak An Adult Dog

Did you just buy or adopt an older dog and it is going to the bathroom indoors? There are two main reasons why your dog is not housebroken. Either the dog has never been trained or it has undergone significant, stressful changes throughout its life. This stress causes the dog to start going to the bathroom indoors again. The following steps will teach you housebreak your dog.

Instructions

1. Generally, dogs go to the bathroom after they wake up in the morning, about 30 minutes to an hour after they eat and right before bed. These are the main times to keep in mind to start housebreaking your dog.

2. Start by taking your dog out regularly during the key times mentioned above. If your yard is enclosed, lead the pet and go outside with it without a leash. After your dog goes to the bathroom, praise it and use a common phrase, such as "Good potty." Your pet will learn to associate that phrase with the action. Give your dog a treat while praising it.

3. While in the house, don't let your dog out of your sight, and keep it as near as possible. Close all bedroom, bathroom and any other doors to limit access around the house. Supervision allows you to watch for any signs--mainly sniffing--that your dog has to go to the bathroom. If your dog starts sniffing, take it out for at least 10 minutes and repeat your key phrase a few times. If your dog goes, praise it and give a treat.

4. Any time your dog does not go after 10 or 15 minutes of being taken out, bring it back in. Take the dog back out about 20 minutes later.

5. Establish a feeding schedule. Dogs only need to be fed once or twice a day--usually in the morning and afternoon. Set out a bowl of food for about 15 or 20 minutes during these times and let the pet eat. If your dog does not eat after this time, do not feel guilty about picking it up. This will help your dog learn a feeding schedule, which in turn will regulate the bathroom times. Always leave water out, though. An important fact about feeding your dog is not to change its brand of food abruptly or give too many treats or table food. Doing so may cause diarrhea.

6. In the event your dog does go to the bathroom in the house, there are right and wrong ways to correct it. When you catch your dog in the act, make a sudden loud clap to interrupt it and take it outside. Dogs usually stop going to the bathroom when startled. If you find a soiled spot after your dog has already gone, do not punish it before cleaning the mess. Your dog will not associate that to his mess after it has already made one. It will just make your dog grow fearful of you.

7. Crate your dog when leaving it home alone and take it out when you return.

8. Repeat the above process daily and be consistent with it. Consistency is vital.

Tags: about minutes, going bathroom, your does, after they, associate that

Care For A River Otter

It is amazing that river otters can survive in captivity for approximately twenty five years and only fifteen years in the wild. These fury creatures are hunted by foxes, wolves, raptors and mainly humans. Their fur is a very desirable commodity to the human race. Follow these steps to find out care for a river otter.

Instructions

1. Give a very large area for the river otter to create a habitat. This should include a body of water resembling a river, stream or creek. The river otter can stay under water for up to two minutes because of the valve-like skin in their ears and nose which keeps them airtight.

2. Fill the body of water with plenty of fish for the river otter to eat. They will also enjoy crustaceans and birds. The river otter is able to use its front paws to hold its prey. It also can use its whiskers as feelers in the muddy waters to capture fish.

3. Get a friend. River otters often play with other river otters. This is unlike most wild animals. They enjoy wrestling and playing fetch with rocks and shells. A friend of the opposite sex may also spark some romance and may create more river otters needing care.

4. Plant trees near the water if none already exist. The river otter will use the tree roots as a den. They will also use leaves, sticks and rocks as a den much like beaver dens. If a beaver has previously made a den nearby then the river otter will use that existing den.

5. Keep possible predators away. This may entail a large fence or wall to keep foxes out. They can be a serious death threat for a little river otter. When you care properly for a river otter, its lifespan is greatly increased.

Tags: river otter, river otters, body water, otter will, river otter will

What Is A Safe Way To Kill Fleas On A Dog

Fleas can be a dog's worst nightmare.

A dog with fleas is a problem to the pet and pet owner. The dog will scratch himself silly without achieving much relief. Fleas can originate from other animals or can be found at dog parks, household furniture or carpets. Herbal products, flea-repellent collars and natural shampoos are some of the products used to prevent or remove fleas while keeping your pet safe.

Instructions

1. Examine your animal for fleas. Separate the hair on your pet's flank or back area. Look at your dog's skin to determine if your dog has fleas. You may see a flea moving but most likely you'll find flea dirt, or feces, on your pet's skin. This flea dirt appears as black pebbles. Take wet paper towels and wipe the dirt off of your pet. If it dissolves and turns red on your paper towel, your dog has fleas.

2. The best way to treat a flea problem is for your dog to never get them in the first place. You can use a common vegetable straight from the garden: garlic. Take a clove of garlic and grind it. Mix the garlic in your dog's meal daily as the vegetable possesses a chemical to repel fleas.

3. Go to the health food store and purchase a natural supplement to battle your pet's flea problem. Purchase black walnut hulls that come in a capsule form. They repel fleas but also mosquitoes and ticks. Add the capsule to a spoonful of peanut butter when feeding the dog. This naturally remedy takes approximately four to six weeks for the dogs to process and to take full effect.

4. Purchase a herbal shampoo at a local pet store. The shampoo includes lavender, eucalyptus, juniper or rosemary. Lather your dog's head and neck first as fleas normally head for the driest area on your pet's body. The lather prevents the fleas from relocating to your pet's head and will kill them. Wet and lather the rest of your dog's body. Leave the shampoo on your dog's body for 15 minutes to get maximum results. Rinse off and dry your dog.

5. Place a herbal flea collar on your pet. The scent drives fleas away. Check with your veterinarian to ensure that herbal collars are safe for your pet.

Tags: your body, flea dirt, flea problem, repel fleas, your fleas, your head

Feed Pet Foxes

Like all canines, foxes are omnivores.

Keeping a captive-born or hand-raised fox as a pet is similar to owning a small to medium-size dog. Foxes and domesticated canines both have varied diets based on plants and different kinds of meat. Both groups can make for loving, social animals, and you can train both with patience and positive reinforcement. Still, it's helpful to keep in mind that, at the end of the day, foxes have yet to gain all the adaptations that domesticated dogs have developed over thousands of years. As such, it's best to stick to a strict, specialized diet for your fox, cutting no corners in making sure that your animal's nutritional needs are met.

Instructions

1. Mix all the ingredients listed under Things You'll Need together in a large mixing bowl.

2. Divide the ingredients into 16 individual portions (about .6 pounds per serving).

3. Place each serving in a freezer bag, flattening the mixture to allow for quicker freezing. Seal each bag and place it in the freezer.

4. Thaw food one to two days in advance of feeding. An adult fox will normally consume 1 to 1.5 lbs. of food a day, depending on the animal's activity level as well as the seasonal temperature, so prepare to feed about one serving of food twice a day.

5. Offer the food in a small bowl at room temperature, as if you were feeding a regular dog.

6. Offer medium-size dog food (wet, canned) if you're in a pinch. These foods cover most of the fox's nutritional needs, though the diet might not be best for long-term care.

Tags: nutritional needs

Major Dog Magazines In The United States

Dogs are often referred to as "man's best friend."

Dog owners and pet industry professionals are likely to find some interesting reads in dog magazines. There are many popular dog magazines in the United States. The typical American dog magazine offers its readers unique dog-related articles, photograhs, tips and advice. Finding the right dog magazine should be easy after you consider all of your options.

The Bark

The Bark is dedicated to providing its readers with stories and articles about life with dogs. Its motto is "Dog is my co-pilot." The magazine includes pieces on charity benefits for dogs, adoption stories and contests. Past articles include, "The New Work of Dogs" and "Fighting or Playing? Tell the Difference." Readers may subscribe to the paper magazine or browse through the digital magazine online. The Bark is published five times a year and is available via subscription through the official website.

Dog Fancy

Dog Fancy is a guide to help you understand, care for and enjoy time with your beloved friend--your dog. Budgeting for pet care, helping your dog maintain good health and general training are only some topics that fill the pages of Dog Fancy. Eloquent pieces like "Dogs Behind Bars"--an article that describes how dogs are helping rehabilitate prison inmates and vice versa--are also common in the magazine. Past articles include "Do You Need a Pet Cam?" and "40 Fascinating Dog People." The magazine publishes 12 issues every year for both the United States and Canada. Subscriptions are available through the Dog Channel website.

Dog's Life

Dog's Life is an electronic Internet-based magazine focused on providing dog owners with meaningful stories, educational articles and humorous photographs. The Dog's Life motto is "Be your dog's best friend." The official website states, "Our mission is to promote adoption from the shelter and rescue community and serve as a platform for the best practices of modern and humane dog guardianship." In every magazine, current issues on dogs are addressed and articles on ensure happiness for dogs are published. Issues are published four times a year and past issues can be purchased online on the Dog's Life website.

Modern Dog

Modern Dog is a magazine dedicated to current events and trends. The magazine includes information on puppy and dog accessories, art, pet-friendly travel destinations and dog trends among other things. Puppy training, dog psychology and profiles on specific breeds are a few of the topics covered in past issues. Issues are published four times a year and one, two and three year subscriptions are available through the Modern Dog website.

AKC Gazette

The American Kennel Club (AKC) owns and operates the AKC gazette. The AKC Gazette contains articles about growth, nutrition, breeds, health, development, training, grooming and show dogs. The magazine is available digitally or in print. Twelve issues are published annually and subscriptions are available through the AKC official website .

Dog World

Dog World is written for enthusiastic dog owners. Professionals in the pet industry, obedience trainers and veterinarians are avid readers of Dog World. Issues contain topics on health, training, problem solving, eating habits, grooming, shows and information on specific breeds. The magazine is available via subscription on the Dog Channel website on the "Dog Magazines" page. The magazine is published in print 12 times a year.

Tags: times year, available through, official website, United States, articles about, articles include, available subscription

The Difference Between Red & Blue Nose Pit Bulls

Pit bulls can make great family pets.

Although thought of by many as primarily a fighting dog, the pit bull has done much over time to reestablish itself as a very useful, or even "family" dog. Pit bulls have been known not only to make great pets, but have served as therapy dogs, agility dogs, and even law enforcement dogs. Due to intense over-breeding, many of these intelligent and powerful dogs find themselves in shelters, while prospective pet owners search the classifieds looking for pets.

Red Nose Pit

The red nose pit is regarded by many to be one of the premiere "types" of pit bull. Many consider this pit bull to be less common. This is not necessarily so, although breeders take advantage of this myth by upping the pricing of the red nose pit. The red nose pit is thought to have originated in Ireland from a line called the "Old Family Red Noses" which ultimately became shortened to the red nose pit.

Blue Nose Pit

The blue nose pit is often even more highly priced than its red nose counterpart. Although the exact origin is again unknown, the blue nose pit's heritage is thought to be traced back to Ireland as well. Its unique color and appearance is credited to continued interbreeding throughout the years, which has resulted in genetic defects. Now, years later, the blue nose pit is considered less of a rarity, although still less common than other types of pit bulls.

Difference

Many believe that red nose and blue nose pit bulls differ in temperament and personality. However, the reality is there has been very little proven difference between the two types. The only proven difference between the two comes down to the colors. Breeders over the years have marketed the two types as being special, when in reality they differ very little from any other type of pit bull. Therefore, for a buyer, it really comes down to which color is preferred.

The Reality

Both the red nose and the blue nose pit bulls are regarded as the premium picks of their breed. There is very little explanation for this other than breeders perpetuating the myth and creating a higher demand. Both types are generally regarded as good family pets and not predisposed to violence. With the pit bull breed coming in nearly every color imaginable, the blue and red nose pits are just two of the many variations.

Tags: very little, blue nose, blue nose, blue nose, blue nose bulls, comes down

Diy Storm Shelter

FEMA says on its website that storm shelters are, at times, the most important rooms in a family's home. With hurricanes, tornadoes and flash floods as unpredictable as they are, planning in advance and preparing a shelter for a storm can be the difference between life and death. The following are some tips for creating your own DIY storm shelter: Does this Spark an idea?

Read FEMA's 320 Plan for DIY Storm Shelters

FEMA has published a guide to helping citizens build and maintain their own DIY storm shelters. It is called "FEMA 320: Taking Shelter From the Storm: Building a Safe Room Inside Your House." All you have to do is call the FEMA hotline at (888) 565-3896 and request it.

Now, depending on what you'll be using your storm shelter for, visit FEMA.gov to research the frequency of storms that hit your area, the kinds of natural disasters that hit and the speed of winds that blow through your state. Knowing these things will help you plan on how strong your shelter should be.

Decide which room should be your shelter. It should be relatively clean (you don't want any bikes coming up and hitting you during a tornado) on the first floor, in the interior of your home, and under NO circumstances should it have any windows.

Know that the average retail price for storm shelters on websites such as USstormshelters.com are about $3,000. So think carefully before you say you don't have a room to spare in your house to use as a shelter.

Building Your Shelter Outdoors

If you plan on building the storm shelter on the exterior of the house, you will need to follow the guidelines very carefully in FEMA's 320 plan. All shelters must be built to code or you will face a heavy fine. You will also need to secure the proper permits and licenses to have such a shelter.

If it is within your budget, look for a contractor to help you with your project. Not only will he let you know if you're outside any legal bounds with your shelter, he will also help you build your shelter right the first time.

Building Your Shelter Indoors

A shelter in the interior of your own home is probably the safest, and most cost-effective way of protecting your family.

Again, the room you choose should be in the interior, no windows and on the first floor. If you live in a one-story home, boarding up the ceiling with an extra layer of 2x4s is not a bad idea. Also, have some wood ready to board up the most vulnerable part of the room, the door.

Stock the room ahead of time with batteries, a radio, flashlights, some books, a few games, some dried foods and enough water to last two days.

Tags: your shelter, storm shelters, your storm shelter, Building Your, Building Your Shelter

Common Ailments Of Manx Cats

Even without a tail, the Manx cat has great agility.

Manx cats are sweet-natured and very people-oriented animals and are often bred to only have the remnants of tail vertebrae or a very much shortened tail. While this does not usually cause problems in terms of agility and mobility, defective Manx cat genes often result in spinal and internal problems, directly due to the absence of tail vertebrae, that are not always noticeable until a Manx cat is a few months old. The presence of the abnormal gene is known in animal science as the Manx Syndrome.

Spina Bifida

In his 2010 paper "The Cat in Biomedical Research," Michael Rand describes a protein present in amniotic fluid that results in spinal or brain malformations in humans and in Manx cats. The most common defect is spina bifida, in which the vertebrae do not close or are incomplete. Sometimes the defect is covered by skin that develops normally, but in many cases the genetic failure to fuse is present in the skin, leading to an open defect.

Fused Spine

In their 2004 study "Disorders of the Lumbosacral Plexus," Marc Raff et al. describe the occasional presence of fused vertebrae in Manx cats. Known as sacralization, or fusing, as is seen in the normal development and structure of the human sacrum, the last one or two lumbar vertebrae fuse to the feline sacrum and can lead to difficulties in mobility or hip dislocation. Manx cats will often display pain, abnormal posture and occasionally an absence of nerve function leading to accidental trauma that can go unnoticed by the cat.

Defects in Internal Organs

Manx Syndrome is also often accompanied by defects in the internal organs and related neural structures including the brain. Conditions such as meningocele and hydrocephaly are likely. Defects in the development of internal organs can negatively affect the excretory systems such as the bladder and intestines, either because of tissue defects or neural damage, while internal organ tissue will sometimes mutate and fuse with other developing cells such as cartilage or bone.

Tail Docking

Some Manx cats have very rudimentary tails, and responsible breeders take great care in mating Manx cats to reduce the occurrence of Manx Syndrome. If Manx cats are born with a tail longer than one or two tail vertebrae, research has found that after a few years, ossification of the tail bones causes great discomfort. Amputation of the tail causes far more discomfort in the adult cat than if the tail is docked within a few days of birth.

Tags: Manx cats, Manx Syndrome, tail vertebrae, internal organs, than tail